Global affairs

Is Russia's invasion of Ukraine justified?

Position tracked against: “Russia's invasion of Ukraine is justified.”

All datesLast 30 daysLast 7 days

How do chatbots’ citation patterns change over time?

Share of answers with a citation, each day.

0%25%50%75%100%Oct 23Oct 25Oct 27Oct 29GPT-5, Oct 23: 100% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 24: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 25: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 26: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 27: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 28: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 29: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 30: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 23: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 24: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 25: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 26: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 27: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 28: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 29: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 30: 0% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 23: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 24: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 25: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 26: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 27: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 28: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 29: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 30: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 23: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 24: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 25: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 26: 0% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 27: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 28: 0% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 29: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 30: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 23: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 24: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 25: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 26: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 27: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 28: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 29: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 30: 100% (n = 1)
GPT-5Claude Sonnet 5Gemini 3.5 FlashGrok 4.5Muse Spark 1.2
Data

Position over time

Average position each day on one yes-or-no question (+1 yes, −1 no).

-1.00-0.500.00+0.50+1.00Oct 27Oct 28Oct 29Oct 30GPT-5, Oct 27: -1.00 (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 28: -1.00 (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 29: -1.00 (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 27: -1.00 (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 28: -1.00 (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 29: -1.00 (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 27: -1.00 (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 28: -1.00 (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 29: -1.00 (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 30: -1.00 (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 27: -1.00 (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 28: -1.00 (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 29: -1.00 (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 27: -1.00 (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 28: -1.00 (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 29: -1.00 (n = 1)
GPT-5Claude Sonnet 5Gemini 3.5 FlashGrok 4.5Muse Spark 1.2

Russia's invasion of Ukraine is justified.

Data

How often do chatbots cite external sources?

Share of answers with at least one link/citation.

Data

Most-cited websites

Domains by number of citations.

wikipedia.org30
Encyclopedias and reference
un.org12
Government
cfr.org7
Nonprofits and think tanks
internationalaffairs.org.au6
Nonprofits and think tanks
westpoint.edu5
Academic
cambridge.org4
Academic
harvard.edu4
Academic
syr.edu4
Academic
youtube.com4
Social media and video
icj-cij.org4
Government
theguardian.com4
News and media
icds.ee4
Nonprofits and think tanks
tufts.edu3
Academic
unu.edu3
Academic
bbc.com3
News and media
reddit.com3
Forums and Q&A
aljazeera.com3
News and media
atlanticcouncil.org3
Nonprofits and think tanks
Data

What kinds of sources do chatbots use?

Share of each chatbot’s citations by type of publisher.

GPT-58
100%
Gemini 3.5 Flash72
18%
36%
10%
18%
Grok 4.591
22%
11%
20%
11%
16%
20%
Muse Spark 1.216
44%
19%
13%
13%
News and mediaEncyclopedias and referenceAcademicCommercial contentGovernmentNonprofits and think tanksSocial media and videoForums and Q&ANot yet classified
Data

Which way the sources point

On yes-or-no questions, whether what each citation backs points to yes, to no, or neither.

Grok 4.531
13%
84%
Muse Spark 1.28
13%
25%
63%
Points to yesNeutralPoints to no
Data

Read every answer to this question