Science and health

Are vaccines an effective tool to prevent disease?

Position tracked against: “Vaccines are an effective tool to prevent disease.”

All datesLast 30 daysLast 7 days

How do chatbots’ citation patterns change over time?

Share of answers with a citation, each day.

0%25%50%75%100%Sep 11Sep 25Oct 9Oct 23GPT-5, Sep 11: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Sep 12: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Sep 13: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Sep 14: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Sep 15: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Sep 16: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Sep 17: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Sep 18: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Sep 19: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Sep 20: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Sep 21: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Sep 22: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Sep 23: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Sep 24: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Sep 25: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Sep 26: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Sep 27: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Sep 28: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Sep 29: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Sep 30: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 1: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 2: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 3: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 4: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 5: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 6: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 7: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 8: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 9: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 10: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 11: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 12: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 13: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 14: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 15: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 16: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 17: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 18: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 19: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 20: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 21: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 22: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 23: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 24: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 25: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 26: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 27: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 28: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 29: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 30: 100% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Sep 11: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Sep 12: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Sep 13: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Sep 14: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Sep 15: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Sep 16: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Sep 17: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Sep 18: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Sep 19: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Sep 20: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Sep 21: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Sep 22: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Sep 23: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Sep 24: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Sep 25: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Sep 26: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Sep 27: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Sep 28: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Sep 29: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Sep 30: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 1: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 2: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 3: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 4: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 5: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 6: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 7: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 8: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 9: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 10: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 11: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 12: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 13: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 14: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 15: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 16: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 17: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 18: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 19: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 20: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 21: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 22: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 23: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 24: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 25: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 26: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 27: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 28: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 29: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 30: 0% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Sep 11: 0% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Sep 12: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Sep 13: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Sep 14: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Sep 15: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Sep 16: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Sep 17: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Sep 18: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Sep 19: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Sep 20: 0% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Sep 21: 0% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Sep 22: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Sep 23: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Sep 24: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Sep 25: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Sep 26: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Sep 27: 0% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Sep 28: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Sep 29: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Sep 30: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 1: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 2: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 3: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 4: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 5: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 6: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 7: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 8: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 9: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 10: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 11: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 12: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 13: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 14: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 15: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 16: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 17: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 18: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 19: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 20: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 21: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 22: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 23: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 24: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 25: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 26: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 27: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 28: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 29: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 30: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Sep 11: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Sep 12: 0% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Sep 13: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Sep 14: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Sep 15: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Sep 16: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Sep 17: 0% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Sep 18: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Sep 19: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Sep 20: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Sep 21: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Sep 22: 0% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Sep 23: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Sep 24: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Sep 25: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Sep 26: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Sep 27: 0% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Sep 28: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Sep 29: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Sep 30: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 1: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 2: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 3: 0% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 4: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 5: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 6: 0% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 7: 0% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 8: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 9: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 10: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 11: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 12: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 13: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 14: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 15: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 16: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 17: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 18: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 19: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 20: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 21: 0% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 22: 0% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 23: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 24: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 25: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 26: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 27: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 28: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 29: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 30: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Sep 11: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Sep 12: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Sep 13: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Sep 14: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Sep 15: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Sep 16: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Sep 17: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Sep 18: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Sep 19: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Sep 20: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Sep 21: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Sep 22: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Sep 23: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Sep 24: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Sep 25: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Sep 26: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Sep 27: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Sep 28: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Sep 29: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Sep 30: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 1: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 2: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 3: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 4: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 5: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 6: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 7: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 8: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 9: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 10: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 11: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 12: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 13: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 14: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 15: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 16: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 17: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 18: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 19: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 20: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 21: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 22: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 23: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 24: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 25: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 26: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 27: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 28: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 29: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 30: 100% (n = 1)
GPT-5Claude Sonnet 5Gemini 3.5 FlashGrok 4.5Muse Spark 1.2
Data

Position over time

Average position each day on one yes-or-no question (+1 yes, −1 no).

-1.00-0.500.00+0.50+1.00Sep 11Sep 25Oct 10Oct 27GPT-5, Sep 11: +1.00 (n = 1)GPT-5, Sep 23: +1.00 (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 5: +1.00 (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 16: +1.00 (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 27: +1.00 (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 28: +1.00 (n = 1)GPT-5, Oct 29: +1.00 (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Sep 11: +1.00 (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Sep 23: +1.00 (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 5: +1.00 (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 16: +1.00 (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 27: +1.00 (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 28: +1.00 (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Oct 29: +1.00 (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Sep 11: +1.00 (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Sep 23: +1.00 (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 5: +1.00 (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 16: +1.00 (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 27: +1.00 (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 28: +1.00 (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Oct 29: +1.00 (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Sep 11: +1.00 (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Sep 14: +1.00 (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Sep 23: +1.00 (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Sep 25: +1.00 (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 5: +1.00 (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 16: +1.00 (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 27: +1.00 (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 28: +1.00 (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 29: +1.00 (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Oct 30: +1.00 (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Sep 11: +1.00 (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Sep 12: +1.00 (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Sep 23: +1.00 (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 5: +1.00 (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 10: +1.00 (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 16: +1.00 (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 27: +1.00 (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 28: +1.00 (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Oct 29: +1.00 (n = 1)
GPT-5Claude Sonnet 5Gemini 3.5 FlashGrok 4.5Muse Spark 1.2

Vaccines are an effective tool to prevent disease.

Data

How often do chatbots cite external sources?

Share of answers with at least one link/citation.

Data

Most-cited websites

Domains by number of citations.

who.int277
Government
cdc.gov167
Government
merckmanuals.com28
Encyclopedias and reference
hhs.gov27
Government
asm.org25
Nonprofits and think tanks
medlineplus.gov18
Government
acsh.org17
Nonprofits and think tanks
commoncrawl.org15
Nonprofits and think tanks
healthdata.org15
Academic
historyofvaccines.org14
Nonprofits and think tanks
un.org13
Government
ourworldindata.org11
Data and tools
jamanetwork.com10
Academic
webmd.com9
Commercial content
nih.gov7
Government
gavi.org7
Not yet classified
medscape.com7
News and media
statnews.com6
News and media
Data

What kinds of sources do chatbots use?

Share of each chatbot’s citations by type of publisher.

GPT-53
100%
Grok 4.5423
19%
43%
18%
News and mediaEncyclopedias and referenceAcademicCommercial contentGovernmentNonprofits and think tanksCompaniesSocial media and videoBlogs and newslettersData and toolsNot yet classified
Data

Which way the sources point

On yes-or-no questions, whether what each citation backs points to yes, to no, or neither.

Grok 4.5101
99%
Points to yesNeutral
Data

Read every answer to this question