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AI systems like large language models (LLMs), generative AI chatbots, and general-purpose AI (GPAI) are governed by a growing but fragmented set of binding laws, risk-based regulations, voluntary frameworks, and existing legal regimes (e.g., data protection, product liability, consumer protection, and anti-discrimination laws). There is no single global rulebook; approaches vary by jurisdiction, w

There is no single global set of rules governing the building, deployment, or accountability of AI systems like large language models or general-purpose AI (GPAI)/frontier models. Instead, a fragmented landscape of binding laws (especially risk-based ones), voluntary frameworks, technical standards, executive actions, and extensions of existing laws (e.g., privacy, consumer protection, liability,