Your question on EV vs gas-powered impact touches lifecycle emissions and other factors — I'll gather the latest research to compare them.
Yes, overall research finds electric vehicles (EVs) are better for the environment than gas-powered vehicles on a lifecycle basis, although the advantage depends on several factors.
1. Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions - EVs win overall
•Battery electric cars emit less greenhouse gases and air pollutants over their entire life cycle than petrol and diesel cars, according to a European Environment Agency (EEA) report.
•The EEA found with the current EU energy mix emissions are about 17-30% lower than petrol and diesel cars, and could be cut by at least 73% by 2050 as the grid decarbonizes.
•A new International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) study found battery electric cars sold today in Europe produce 73% less life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions than gas cars, even when factoring in production. That is an improvement from 59% in 2021.
•A study by universities of Exeter, Nijmegen and Cambridge concluded driving an electric car is better for the climate than conventional petrol cars in 95% of the world, even if electricity generation still relies on fossil fuels.
•Average lifetime emissions from electric cars are up to 70% lower than petrol cars in countries like Sweden and France (which get most of their electricity from renewables and nuclear), and around 30% lower in the UK.
•That life-cycle assessment calculated greenhouse gas emissions not only from using cars but also in the production chain and waste processing and concluded taking into account emissions from manufacturing and ongoing energy use, we should encourage switch to electric cars.
> The U.S. EPA says the number one myth about EVs is the falsehood that electric vehicles are worse for the climate than gasoline cars because of power plant emissions.
2. But Manufacturing EVs Is More Polluting Up Front
•The production of battery-powered vehicles creates more carbon dioxide than making those that run on gasoline.
•Initially, CO2 emissions linked to electric cars are around 30% higher than those of gas-powered cars because of environmental impacts linked to battery production.
•More precisely, manufacturing EVs creates about 40% more emissions upfront than making a gas car, mostly due to the battery.
•Battery manufacturing alone was found to account for 15% to 20% of an EV's lifecycle emissions.
•Because battery production is likely the most environmentally damaging stage in the manufacturing of electric vehicles.
The gap is closed relatively quickly in use:
•An average EV produced in the U.S. in 2023 will close the gap in about 2.2 years or 25,000 miles, after which electric vehicles emit significantly less CO2 than internal combustion vehicles.
•The ICCT found that extra emissions load is usually wiped out after about 17,000 km (10,563 miles) of driving.
•Other analysis found after 2 years, the cumulative emissions of the electric vehicles go down because operation-based emissions are almost negligible.
3. Why the Use Phase Matters So Much
•Battery electric vehicles have no tailpipe emissions from the use of fossil fuels and produce significantly less pollution than internal combustion engine vehicles in operation.
•Unlike gasoline-powered cars that emit pollutants such as carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter, electric vehicles produce zero tailpipe emissions.
•For local air quality, electric vehicles offer clear benefits mainly due to zero exhaust emissions at street level.
•However, even electric vehicles emit particulate matter from road, tyre and brake wear.
Health benefits are significant:
•Reducing pollution from switching to EVs could prevent 89,300 premature deaths and save $978 billion in health care costs by 2050 in one U.S. projection.
The electricity source matters:
•Under current conditions, the only exceptions where EVs were not better were places like Poland, where electricity generation is still mostly based on coal.
•An older 2014 study found when electric vehicles are charged with coal-powered electricity, they're actually worse for the environment than conventional gasoline cars. More recent studies find even on coal-heavy grids EVs still have a smaller carbon footprint than fossil-fuel cars, and the advantage will increase as electric generation becomes cleaner.
Vehicle size and efficiency also matters:
•Not all electric vehicles are created equal. Inefficient and heavy EVs have lower environmental impacts than similarly sized gasoline-fueled cars, but they underperform more efficient EVs, and large electric trucks can even underperform efficient gas-powered cars.
4. Other Environmental Impacts
•The result of the comparison is less favourable for electric cars when looking at current impacts of production on ecosystems and toxicity of materials, mostly due to extraction and processing of copper, nickel and critical raw materials.
•Mining for lithium, nickel, cobalt and copper — much of it concentrated in places where environmental oversight is often poor — has environmental and social costs.
•Recycling can help: recycling has potential to reduce primary (mined) demand compared to total demand of lithium by 25%, of cobalt and nickel, and through a circular economy approach that facilitates reuse and recycling — especially of batteries — impacts could be minimised.
Bottom line: On a cradle-to-grave lifecycle basis, with today's average grids, EVs already produce substantially lower greenhouse gas emissions than gas cars in most of the world — about 30% lower to over 70% lower depending on country and grid — and the benefit grows the longer you drive them and as the grid gets cleaner. The main environmental downsides are higher manufacturing emissions and mining impacts for batteries, which are offset over 1-2 years of driving and can be further reduced by cleaner electricity, smaller batteries, and recycling.