Responses

To answer whether political polarization is worse than in the past, political scientists and historians generally split the answer into two parts: Yes, it is worse than at any point in modern polling history (the last 50 to 70 years), but no, it has not yet reached the absolute physical extreme of the American Civil War. However, today’s polarization has unique, scientifically measured character

Whether political polarization is worse today than in the past depends entirely on which "past" you are comparing it to. To understand where we are today, political scientists and historians generally split the question into two parts: the modern era (the last 50 to 70 years) and the deep historical past (the 19th and early 20th centuries). --- 1. The Modern Era: Yes, it is much worse Compar

To answer whether political polarization is worse today than in the past, it helps to divide the question into two frames of reference: the recent past (the last 40 to 50 years) and deep history (the late 18th and 19th centuries). The short answer is yes, political polarization is significantly worse than it has been in modern memory. However, it is not the worst it has ever been in the full spa

Yes, AI chatbots (powered by large language models or LLMs) exhibit various biases. These are well-documented across scientific studies, audits, and real-world testing. Biases arise primarily because models learn statistical patterns from vast training data scraped from the internet and other sources (which mirror human societal biases, stereotypes, cultural skews, and imbalances in representation