Global affairs

Is the United Nations still relevant?

Position tracked against: “The United Nations is still relevant.”

All datesLast 30 daysLast 7 days

How do chatbots’ citation patterns change over time?

Share of answers with a citation, each day.

0%25%50%75%100%Nov 1Nov 3Nov 5Nov 7GPT-5, Nov 1: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Nov 2: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Nov 3: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Nov 4: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Nov 5: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Nov 6: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Nov 7: 0% (n = 1)GPT-5, Nov 8: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Nov 1: 100% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Nov 2: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Nov 3: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Nov 4: 100% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Nov 5: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Nov 6: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Nov 7: 0% (n = 1)Claude Sonnet 5, Nov 8: 0% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Nov 1: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Nov 2: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Nov 3: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Nov 4: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Nov 5: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Nov 6: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Nov 7: 100% (n = 1)Gemini 3.5 Flash, Nov 8: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Nov 1: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Nov 2: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Nov 3: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Nov 4: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Nov 5: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Nov 6: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Nov 7: 100% (n = 1)Grok 4.5, Nov 8: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Nov 1: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Nov 2: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Nov 3: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Nov 4: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Nov 5: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Nov 6: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Nov 7: 100% (n = 1)Muse Spark 1.2, Nov 8: 100% (n = 1)
GPT-5Claude Sonnet 5Gemini 3.5 FlashGrok 4.5Muse Spark 1.2
Data

Methodology

How do chatbots’ citation patterns change over time?

Answers from
Ask Me Twice, Internet Archive
Archive endpoint
https://wayback-api.archive.org/services/amt/api/v1/responses/?detail=full
Model endpoint
https://openrouter.ai/api/v1/chat/completions (the archive asks through OpenRouter)
Web search
On from Sep 11, 2026
Collection
Once a day, one answer per chatbot and question, each in a new chat with no history
Dates
Nov 1, 2026 to Nov 8, 2026
Answers
40
Models
  • GPT-5 (openai/gpt-5)
  • Claude Sonnet 5 (anthropic/claude-sonnet-5)
  • Gemini 3.5 Flash (google/gemini-3.5-flash)
  • Grok 4.5 (x-ai/grok-4.5)
  • Muse Spark 1.2 (meta/muse-spark-1.2)
Prompt
Is the United Nations still relevant?

Position over time

Average position each day on one yes-or-no question (+1 yes, −1 no).

No annotations yet. They appear once the annotation job has run.

Data

Methodology

Position over time

Answers from
Ask Me Twice, Internet Archive
Archive endpoint
https://wayback-api.archive.org/services/amt/api/v1/responses/?detail=full
Model endpoint
https://openrouter.ai/api/v1/chat/completions (the archive asks through OpenRouter)
Web search
On from Sep 11, 2026
Collection
Once a day, one answer per chatbot and question, each in a new chat with no history
Dates
Nov 1, 2026 to Nov 8, 2026
Answers
40
Models
  • GPT-5 (openai/gpt-5)
  • Claude Sonnet 5 (anthropic/claude-sonnet-5)
  • Gemini 3.5 Flash (google/gemini-3.5-flash)
  • Grok 4.5 (x-ai/grok-4.5)
  • Muse Spark 1.2 (meta/muse-spark-1.2)
Prompt
Is the United Nations still relevant?
Annotator
claude-sonnet-5-5, prompt v1
Position scale
Yes +1, leans yes +0.5, both sides 0, leans no −0.5, no −1. Declines are left out.

How often do chatbots cite external sources?

Share of answers with at least one link/citation.

Data

Methodology

How often do chatbots cite external sources?

Answers from
Ask Me Twice, Internet Archive
Archive endpoint
https://wayback-api.archive.org/services/amt/api/v1/responses/?detail=full
Model endpoint
https://openrouter.ai/api/v1/chat/completions (the archive asks through OpenRouter)
Web search
On from Sep 11, 2026
Collection
Once a day, one answer per chatbot and question, each in a new chat with no history
Dates
Nov 1, 2026 to Nov 8, 2026
Answers
40
Models
  • GPT-5 (openai/gpt-5)
  • Claude Sonnet 5 (anthropic/claude-sonnet-5)
  • Gemini 3.5 Flash (google/gemini-3.5-flash)
  • Grok 4.5 (x-ai/grok-4.5)
  • Muse Spark 1.2 (meta/muse-spark-1.2)
Prompt
Is the United Nations still relevant?

Most-cited websites

Domains by number of citations.

un.orgGovernment48
crisisgroup.orgNonprofits and think tanks22
globalaffairs.orgNonprofits and think tanks18
unu.eduAcademic10
carnegieendowment.orgNonprofits and think tanks9
assodesire.comLow provenance9
ft.comNews and media6
aljazeera.comNews and media6
foreignpolicy.comNews and media5
theguardian.comNews and media5
globalissues.orgNonprofits and think tanks4
bohrpub.comAcademic4
foreignaffairs.comNews and media4
youtube.comSocial media and video4
weforum.orgNonprofits and think tanks3
apnews.comNews and media3
wikipedia.orgEncyclopedias and reference3
medium.comBlogs and newsletters3
oup.comAcademic3
Data

Methodology

Most-cited websites

Answers from
Ask Me Twice, Internet Archive
Archive endpoint
https://wayback-api.archive.org/services/amt/api/v1/responses/?detail=full
Model endpoint
https://openrouter.ai/api/v1/chat/completions (the archive asks through OpenRouter)
Web search
On from Sep 11, 2026
Collection
Once a day, one answer per chatbot and question, each in a new chat with no history
Dates
Nov 1, 2026 to Nov 8, 2026
Answers
40
Models
  • GPT-5 (openai/gpt-5)
  • Claude Sonnet 5 (anthropic/claude-sonnet-5)
  • Gemini 3.5 Flash (google/gemini-3.5-flash)
  • Grok 4.5 (x-ai/grok-4.5)
  • Muse Spark 1.2 (meta/muse-spark-1.2)
Prompt
Is the United Nations still relevant?
Source types
Rules (a seed list of about 400 domains, .gov and .edu style suffixes), then claude-sonnet-5-5 for the rest

What kinds of sources do chatbots use?

Share of each chatbot’s citations by type of publisher.

Claude Sonnet 529
24%
34%
10%
21%
Gemini 3.5 Flash75
24%
12%
40%
9%
Grok 4.5119
26%
24%
29%
Muse Spark 1.227
15%
37%
11%
11%
News and mediaEncyclopedias and referenceAcademicCommercial contentGovernmentNonprofits and think tanksCompaniesSocial media and videoBlogs and newslettersLow provenanceNot yet classified
Data

Methodology

What kinds of sources do chatbots use?

Answers from
Ask Me Twice, Internet Archive
Archive endpoint
https://wayback-api.archive.org/services/amt/api/v1/responses/?detail=full
Model endpoint
https://openrouter.ai/api/v1/chat/completions (the archive asks through OpenRouter)
Web search
On from Sep 11, 2026
Collection
Once a day, one answer per chatbot and question, each in a new chat with no history
Dates
Nov 1, 2026 to Nov 8, 2026
Answers
40
Models
  • GPT-5 (openai/gpt-5)
  • Claude Sonnet 5 (anthropic/claude-sonnet-5)
  • Gemini 3.5 Flash (google/gemini-3.5-flash)
  • Grok 4.5 (x-ai/grok-4.5)
  • Muse Spark 1.2 (meta/muse-spark-1.2)
Prompt
Is the United Nations still relevant?
Source types
Rules (a seed list of about 400 domains, .gov and .edu style suffixes), then claude-sonnet-5-5 for the rest

Which way the sources point

On yes-or-no questions, whether what each citation backs points to yes, to no, or neither.

No annotations yet. They appear once the annotation job has run.

Data

Methodology

Which way the sources point

Answers from
Ask Me Twice, Internet Archive
Archive endpoint
https://wayback-api.archive.org/services/amt/api/v1/responses/?detail=full
Model endpoint
https://openrouter.ai/api/v1/chat/completions (the archive asks through OpenRouter)
Web search
On from Sep 11, 2026
Collection
Once a day, one answer per chatbot and question, each in a new chat with no history
Dates
Nov 1, 2026 to Nov 8, 2026
Answers
40
Models
  • GPT-5 (openai/gpt-5)
  • Claude Sonnet 5 (anthropic/claude-sonnet-5)
  • Gemini 3.5 Flash (google/gemini-3.5-flash)
  • Grok 4.5 (x-ai/grok-4.5)
  • Muse Spark 1.2 (meta/muse-spark-1.2)
Prompt
Is the United Nations still relevant?
Annotator
claude-sonnet-5-5, prompt v1
Position scale
Yes +1, leans yes +0.5, both sides 0, leans no −0.5, no −1. Declines are left out.

Read every answer to this question